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    Frankfurt's hierarchical model shows that identification ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→There are no desert-entailing differences between moral agents.

    Frankfurt's hierarchical model shows that identification with first-order desires via second-order volitions grounds desert independently of the causal history of those desires.

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    Reasons For

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    Reason for
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    • 1.Moral responsibility requires agents to endorse their actions through reflective self-evaluation, not merely act from desires.
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    • 2.Second-order volitions constitute genuine agency by creating distance between impulse and action through rational endorsement.
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    • 3.Causal history is epistemically inaccessible; responsibility based on current identification is more practical and fair.
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    Reasons Against

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    • 1.Hierarchical endorsement itself causally depends on prior psychological formation—desert cannot transcend causal history entirely.
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    • 2.Manipulated agents can form aligned second-order volitions; identification alone cannot distinguish authentic from manufactured agency.
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    • 3.If causal history determines second-order volitions, grounding desert in them still makes desert hostage to factors beyond control.
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    Moral Responsibility1 linked

    Related

    Causal history is epistemically inaccessible; responsibility based on current id...Hierarchical endorsement itself causally depends on prior psychological formatio...If causal history determines second-order volitions, grounding desert in them st...Manipulated agents can form aligned second-order volitions; identification alone...
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    Moral responsibility requires agents to endorse their actions through reflective...Second-order volitions constitute genuine agency by creating distance between im...There are no desert-entailing differences between moral agents.

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    2 (1 for, 1 against)
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