Frederick Douglass and later Ida B. Wells demonstrated that civic and political agency can be robustly exercised even under conditions of severe systematic degradation and denial of formal rights.

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Civic agency(as the ability to affect political change): The power and ability of ordinary people to participate in their community and society—like voting, organizing, speaking up, or taking action on issues they care about.
Denial of formal rights(as legal exclusion based on race): When a government or system officially refuses to give certain people legal protections and freedoms (like voting, owning property, or equal treatment) that others are granted.
Frederick Douglass(as a historical figure demonstrating political agency): An enslaved African American who escaped to freedom and became one of the most powerful writers and speakers against slavery in the 1800s, proving that enslaved people could think, lead, and fight for their own freedom.
Ida B. Wells(as a historical figure demonstrating political agency): An African American journalist and activist in the late 1800s and early 1900s who investigated and exposed racial violence, particularly lynching, and fought for civil rights through her writing and activism.

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