Frege's distinction between sense and reference demonstrates that logical and mathematical language operates through determinate, non-figurative relations between signs and referents.
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reference(Distinguished from intension in the context of possible worlds semantics)
The actual-world referent of an expression; what the expression picks out in the actual world.
referent(what Russell says is the sole meaning of proper names)
The actual thing in the real world that a word points to or stands for—for example, the referent of 'Abraham Lincoln' is the actual historical person.
sense(Fregean semantics)
The mode of presentation by which a name presents its referent; the component of meaning that can differ between two co-referential names
sense and reference(as Frege's key distinction about how words have meaning)
Two different aspects of meaning: the 'reference' is what a word points to in the real world (like how 'the Morning Star' refers to Venus), while the 'sense' is the specific way or description we use to think about that thing (how we conceive of it).