Genuine altruistic or fairness-based preferences explain cooperation without positing an error in game categorization, making the misframing hypothesis explanatorily redundant under Occam's Razor.

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Altruistic preferences(in ethics and economics): A genuine desire to help others or do what's best for them, even when it costs you something.
Fairness-based preferences(in ethics and game theory): A genuine desire to treat people justly and distribute resources or benefits equally, even when you could benefit by being unfair.
Game categorization(in game theory): How people mentally classify a social situation—for example, whether they see it as a competition where they should try to win, or a collaborative task where everyone benefits from working together.
Misframing hypothesis(in economics and behavioral science): A theory that people fail to cooperate because they mistakenly think a situation is one type of game (like a competition) when it's actually another type (like a cooperative task).

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