Hard determinists from Spinoza to contemporary neuroscientists like Benjamin Libet argue that human deliberation is itself causally determined by prior neural and environmental states.

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Benjamin Libet(as a contemporary scientist supporting hard determinism): A 20th-century neuroscientist famous for experiments suggesting that our brains make decisions before we consciously realize we've made them, which some use to argue against free will.
Causally determined(in discussions of free will and determinism): When something is forced to happen by prior causes—like dominoes falling in a chain where each one had no choice but to fall.
Neural states(describing different ways the brain can process information): The different conditions or modes that brain cells and networks can be in at any given moment.
Spinoza: Baruch Spinoza was a 17th-century Dutch philosopher who argued that God and nature are the same thing, and that everything in the universe is interconnected as one unified whole. He believed that understanding how things work through reason and logic—rather than through emotion or superstition—leads to happiness and freedom. His ideas were revolutionary for his time and continue to influence modern philosophy, theology, and how we think about the relationship between mind and body.

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