Historical Reformed and Catholic traditions both maintained that divine law binds conscience independently of sovereign decree, as evidenced by martyrdom traditions across centuries.

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Binds conscience(as used in ethics and philosophy of morality): Creates a moral obligation that a person feels internally responsible to follow, regardless of what authorities tell them to do.
Catholic tradition(as used in religious history and philosophy): The beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, which emphasizes church authority, natural law, and sacred tradition alongside Scripture.
Martyrdom traditions(as used in religious history and ethics): Historical practices of religious communities remembering and honoring people who died rather than betray their faith or beliefs.
Reformed tradition(as the theological framework within which this debate occurs): A branch of Christianity that started with John Calvin and emphasizes God's sovereignty and predestination; it includes various Protestant churches.

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