Hume's epistemological principle holds that testimony for miraculous events must be weighed against the base-rate probability of natural alternatives, including fraud, misperception, and confabulation.

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Base-rate probability(as what miracle claims should be measured against): The actual likelihood or frequency of something happening in reality, based on historical data or general patterns.
Epistemological(Describing what type of criterion Descartes's test is): Having to do with how we know things and what counts as real knowledge, rather than questions about what actually exists.
Fraud(as a natural alternative explanation for testimony): Deliberate deception or dishonesty intended to trick or mislead someone.
Hume(as the main philosopher discussed in this statement): David Hume was an 18th-century Scottish philosopher who argued that human knowledge comes from experience and observation rather than pure reasoning alone.
Miraculous events(as the subject being evaluated): Extraordinary occurrences that appear to violate the normal laws of nature, like healings or supernatural phenomena.
Misperception(as a natural alternative explanation for testimony): An incorrect or mistaken understanding of what you see, hear, or experience due to confusion or error.
confabulation(Robins' taxonomy of memory errors): A memory error in which the memory process results in an inaccurate representation of an event with no retention of information from experience of that event
testimony(social epistemology): The transmission of knowledge or information from one person to another by telling them

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