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    If divine concurrence allows creatures to be genuine caus... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→A second god cannot be a causally sufficient condition (in the strong sense) of the existence of any contingent being, given that a first god is a causally necessary condition of the existence of every other concrete object.

    If divine concurrence allows creatures to be genuine causes despite God's necessary causal role, a second god could be a sufficient secondary cause while the first remains a necessary primary cause.

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    Key Terms

    Creatures(theology and metaphysics)
    In philosophical and theological contexts, living beings—particularly used here to mean individual entities like individual people (Socrates being an example).
    Divine concurrence(describes God's relationship to causation)
    The theological idea that God works together with creatures (humans, angels, etc.) to make things happen, rather than doing everything alone or letting creatures act completely independently.
    Genuine causes(describes what truly brings about effects)
    Things that actually make something happen, rather than just appearing to or being passive observers of events.
    Necessary cause(describes an indispensable element in causation)
    Something that must be involved for an effect to happen—you can't have the result without it, even if other things help too.

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    primary cause(Carroll's neo-Thomistic critique of indeterminacy-based divine action models)
    In Thomistic philosophy, the foundational cause that supports and grounds all other (secondary) causes; God's causal role as sustainer of being, distinct in kind from creaturely efficient causation
    secondary cause(Le Grand's account of body-body interaction)
    A cause that directs or transfers local motions in virtue of the specific configurations of its parts, but does not possess the ultimate causal power to produce or cease movement.
    sufficient cause(Applied specifically to the First's causal relation to its first effect)
    A cause whose existence alone is enough to bring about the existence of its effect, without requiring any external instrument, material substrate, accident, or motion

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    Against an aspect of God1 linkedDivine Attributes1 linked

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    A second god cannot be a causally sufficient condition (in the strong sense) of ...

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