If even the paradigm case of agent-based virtue ethics covertly appeals to welfare facts, the proposed irreducibility criterion excludes the very theories it was designed to classify.

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Covertly appeals to(describing hidden logical dependencies in an argument): Secretly relies on or sneaks in a concept without openly admitting it.
Irreducibility criterion(as a philosophical measure being evaluated): A standard or test used to determine whether something cannot be broken down into simpler parts or explained by something else.
Virtue ethics(in philosophy): An approach to ethics focused on developing good character traits (virtues like courage or honesty) rather than following rules or calculating outcomes.
Welfare facts(as opposed to information about character or virtue): Factual information about well-being, happiness, or how good someone's life is going.
agent-based virtue ethics(Distinguished from other virtue ethical theories that ground normative properties in outcomes or flourishing): A form of virtue ethics in which the normative properties of motivations and dispositions are not explained by reference to anything more fundamental (e.g., eudaimonia or states of affairs); what one should do is explained solely by reference to the motivational and dispositional states of agents.
paradigm case(Used to contrast with non-paradigm cases where the relationship between explanatory power and informativeness is unclear): A case in which the claim that a more explanatory theory has more ways of being false is obvious or uncontroversial

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