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    If substance is a formal concept stabilizing our conceptu... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Substance is a formal concept with a central structural role in our conceptual scheme, not merely a name for certain important kinds of things in the world.

    If substance is a formal concept stabilizing our conceptual scheme, rival schemes lacking substance-talk—such as process ontologies—would be conceptually incoherent, yet Whitehead's metaphysics demonstrates they need not be.

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    Key Terms

    Conceptually incoherent(as used in epistemology)
    An idea that doesn't make logical sense or contradicts itself when you think it through carefully.
    Formal concept(as used in logic and metaphysics)
    A concept that works as a logical framework or structure to organize how we think about things, rather than describing something that exists in the real world.
    Ontology(Carnap argues this enterprise is based on a mistake)
    The philosophical discipline that tries to answer hard questions about what there really is.
    Process ontologies(as used in metaphysics)
    Philosophical views that see reality as fundamentally about change and becoming, where things are constantly in the process of developing rather than staying fixed.
    Whitehead

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    A Whitehead is most commonly **Alfred North Whitehead** (1861-1947), a British mathematician and philosopher who fundamentally shaped modern thought. He's famous for developing process philosophy, the idea that reality is made up of constantly changing events and relationships rather than static objects, and for co-writing an influential mathematics textbook called *Principia Mathematica*. His work bridges mathematics, logic, and philosophy, making him important for understanding how we think about everything from physics to metaphysics.
    conceptual scheme(Śāntarakṣita's epistemology)
    The linguistic and conceptual framework through which we talk about the world, as distinct from the world of particulars itself
    metaphysics(Hartshorne's naturalistic redefinition of metaphysics)
    On Hartshorne's view, the study not of realities beyond the physical, but of features of reality that are ubiquitous or that would exist in any possible world.
    substance(Spinoza's metaphysics; criteria include (i) necessity and (ii) self-subsistence)
    The fundamental existent that is wholly necessary and self-subsistent, not depending on anything else for its existence

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    Modality & Possibility1 linkedPersonal Identity1 linked

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