If the tension between cosmopolitan and local obligations lacks a principled resolution, institutional design and individual deliberation face genuine, practically unresolvable dilemmas rather than manageable trade-offs.

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Cosmopolitan obligations(contrasted with communitarian obligations in ethics): Moral duties to all humans everywhere, regardless of nationality, culture, or relationship to you—the idea that you have responsibilities to the whole world.
Individual deliberation(ethics and decision-making): The process of a single person thinking carefully about what they should do or believe.
Institutional design(as used in explaining why groups act differently): The deliberate structuring and rules of organizations and systems (like laws, governments, or procedures) to shape how people behave.
Local obligations(ethical theory about what we owe to those nearby): Duties and responsibilities you have to people in your immediate community, family, or country—those close to you.
Principled resolution(philosophy of problem-solving): A solution to a problem that's based on clear, consistent rules or values rather than just guessing or compromising.
Trade-offs(as used in decision-making): Situations where you have to accept something bad or give up something good in order to achieve something else you want.
dilemma(Used in classical rhetoric and logic; discussed by Valla in the context of the Protagoras–Euathlus lawsuit.): An argument structured so that two mutually exhaustive alternatives each independently entail the same conclusion, leaving the opponent no escape.

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