- Chisholm(as a philosopher being cited)
- Roderick Chisholm, an important 20th-century American philosopher who argued for essentialism (the view that things have properties they must have).
- De re(in modal logic and metaphysics)
- A Latin phrase meaning 'about the thing itself'; it refers to a statement about what must be true of a specific person or object no matter what.
- Determinate truth conditions(in logic and philosophy of language)
- Clear, definite rules that decide whether a statement is true or false—without this, you can't tell if something is actually true.
- Humphrey(as a historical reference in modal logic discussions)
- Hubert Humphrey, a real politician who almost won the 1968 U.S. presidential election; philosophers use him as an example when discussing whether things could have turned out differently.
- counterpart relation(Used by counterpart theorists to interpret de re modal claims.)
- A relation based on resemblance that, unlike identity, is not transitive.
- modal(in logic and metaphysics)
- Dealing with possibility and necessity—questions about what could be true, what must be true, and what's merely contingent (could go either way).
- modal essentialism(Presented as a coarser-grained alternative to Aristotelian essentialism)
- The view that a property is essential to a kind if and only if it is a necessary property of that kind