It is necessarily the case that Susan steals the bike if and only if Susan steals the bike, yet 'Susan's stealing the bike' must be a different token cause than 'Susan's stealing the bike' under the causal differences argument
A logical phrase meaning both directions must be true: A happens exactly when B happens, and if B happens, then A must happen. It's a two-way requirement, not just one direction.
necessarily the case(modal logic)
Something that must be true in all possible situations, not just true by accident or in our world. It's the opposite of something that could be false.
token(Philosophy of language; type-token distinction)
An actual physical thing located at a specific place in spacetime; a concrete instantiation such as a pile of ink on a page, a sound wave, or a collection of pixels on a computer screen
We’ve now twice encountered arguments of the following form: “c caused e” is true, but “c* caused e” is false, so it must be that “c” and “c*” denote two different causal relata. In short: where there are differences in causation, there must be differences in the causal relata. Call this the causal differences argument. This argument was used to show that token causes cannot just be regions of spacetime—for then, the ball’s rotation and its heating would be one and the same event, but the ball’s