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Inverse View
It is not the case that Kant argues that virtuous action derives its moral worth from conformity to duty, not from the agent's conception of their highest end.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Humans necessarily act toward some end or conception of flourishing; pure duty without any end-reference is psychologically incoherent.
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2.
Even following duty derives motivational force from valuing duty itself—making it an end pursued, contradicting Kant's distinction.
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3.
Virtuous agents like Aristotle's phronimos integrate duty and eudaimonia; divorcing them produces alienated, joyless moral action.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Moral worth requires acting from principle, not inclination, to avoid reducing ethics to subjective preference satisfaction.
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2.
Duty-based action is universalizable across agents, while end-based morality risks inconsistency based on differing personal goals.
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3.
If virtue depended on agents' conceptions of their highest end, morality would vary by individual psychology, undermining objective ethics.
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