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    Kant's own critical philosophy bars any positive theoreti... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Free moral choice must be conceived as taking place in a supersensible or noumenal realm, not in the phenomenal realm governed by deterministic causality.

    Kant's own critical philosophy bars any positive theoretical knowledge of the noumenal realm, making noumenal freedom a regulative postulate rather than a substantive metaphysical account.

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    Key Terms

    Critical philosophy(Windelband's conception)
    The science of necessary and universal values that explicates the system of absolute values and reveals the grounds of normative appraisal and valid judgment.
    Kant(as used in epistemology and metaphysics)
    Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was an influential German philosopher who argued that our minds shape how we experience reality, and that we can only truly know things as they appear to us, not as they are in themselves.
    Noumenal realm(refers to things-in-themselves that are fundamentally unknowable)
    In philosophy, the idea that there's a hidden layer of reality that exists beyond what we can perceive or know through our senses and reason.
    Positive theoretical knowledge(the kind of knowledge Kant says we cannot have about the noumenal realm)
    Actual, provable understanding of something based on evidence and reason (as opposed to just assuming it might exist).

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    Regulative postulate(what noumenal freedom is, according to Kant)
    An idea we have to assume is true for practical purposes—even though we can't prove it—to make sense of how we live and make choices.
    Substantive metaphysical account(what Kant's philosophy does NOT provide for freedom)
    A detailed, provable explanation about how reality fundamentally works, based on solid evidence and reasoning.
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
    noumenal freedom(Contrasted with the deterministic causality of the natural world; accessible through practical rather than theoretical reason)
    The freedom of the will as it exists in the noumenal (non-empirical) world, beyond the determinism of nature

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    Causation1 linkedFree Will & Foreknowledge1 linked

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    Free moral choice must be conceived as taking place in a supersensible or noumen...

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