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    Many different evolutionary trajectories can lead to the ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→We cannot conclude that natural selection played an important role in the evolution of a trait merely because we have a plausible adaptive hypothesis for that trait.

    Many different evolutionary trajectories can lead to the same outcome.

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    Good evidence for a hypothesis requires considering all relevant competing hypot...Subtle differences in evolutionary history may lead to different evolutionary ou...We cannot conclude that natural selection played an important role in the evolut...

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    We lack good epistemic access to evolutionary history.

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    Subtle differences in evolutionary history may lead to different evolu...88%Drift and selection can produce the same outcomes even though they are...78%Short-term evolution operates on a fixed set of genotypes, which may n...74%Long-term evolution introduces new genetic variation through an infini...72%

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    The debate over adaptationism contains claims and counterclaims about what hypotheses should be included in an analysis of the adaptiveness of a trait. This is crucial because assessments of evidentiary support depend on what hypotheses we consider (see Sober 1990, Earman 1992). We must consider all the relevant hypotheses in order to provide good evidence for a hypothesis (Stanford 2006, Forber 2010). One common pluralist complaint is that adaptationists neglect this standard of evidence. Such

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