Mathematical and logical truths demonstrate meaning-based insulation: no empirical discovery could make 'if p then p' false without changing what we mean by the logical connectives.

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Empirical discovery(as used in epistemology): A fact learned through observation and experimentation rather than through logic or reasoning alone.
Mathematical and logical truths(as used in logic and epistemology): Facts that are always true regardless of what happens in the physical world—like 2+2=4 or 'something cannot be both A and not-A at the same time.'
Meaning-based insulation(as used in philosophy of logic and language): The property of being protected from change by facts about the world because the statement's truth depends entirely on what the words mean, not on how things actually are.
logical connectives(in logic and philosophy of language): Words or symbols that join statements together, like 'and', 'or', and 'if...then'. They determine how the truth of combined statements depends on the truth of each part.

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