Modern quantum mechanics provides empirically grounded cases of uncaused events at the subatomic level, such as radioactive decay, undermining the universal scope of the causal maxim.

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Empirically grounded(describing whether a theory is supported by actual data): Based on real observations and evidence from the world, rather than just ideas or theories alone.
Quantum mechanics(the scientific framework being discussed): The science of how the tiniest things in the universe (atoms, electrons, photons) behave—which turns out to work very differently than everyday objects.
Radioactive decay(as the example of a physical process): When an unstable atom spontaneously breaks apart and releases energy; it's what happens inside radioactive materials.
Subatomic level(as used in physics): The world of particles smaller than atoms—the fundamental building blocks of matter.
Uncaused events(as used in metaphysics (the study of reality)): Things that happen without any reason or trigger causing them to occur.
causal maxim(Clarke's cosmological argument): The principle that everything must have a cause or ground for its existence, and that no effect can have any perfection not also present in its cause
universal scope(as used in philosophy of religion): The idea that something applies to or is meant for all people everywhere, not just a specific group or culture.

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