Nagel's classical model requiring bridge laws was refuted by Putnam's multiple realizability: mental states map onto heterogeneous physical substrates with no uniform conceptual bridge.
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An influential American philosopher known for writing about consciousness, ethics, and how we understand ourselves. He published 'The Possibility of Altruism' in 1970 to explore whether we can be genuinely motivated to help others.
mental states(Herder's theory of mind)
Conditions consisting in forces that manifest themselves in people's bodily behavior, conceptually tied to corresponding types of bodily behavior but not reducible thereto
multiple realizability(Philosophy of mind, functionalism)
The property of functional kinds whereby the same functional role can be realized by different lower-level physical properties across systems or individuals