- Probabilistic connections(reasoning and logic)
- Relationships between ideas or beliefs where one thing makes another more or less likely to be true, rather than guaranteeing it for certain.
- direct acquaintance(Acquaintance theory)
- A non-inferential epistemic relation to a fact or state of affairs that grounds foundational justification for a corresponding belief.
- inferential knowledge(Acquaintance theory of knowledge)
- Knowledge secured by direct acquaintance with logical and probabilistic connections between already-known propositions and further propositions.
- knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
- Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
- logical connections(al-Ghazālī's distinction between types of necessity)
- A narrower set of necessary connections that constrain what is strictly possible or impossible; violations of these would be logically impossible
- noninferential knowledge(Epistemology of foundational or basic belief)
- Knowledge that is not derived by inference from other beliefs, typically grounded directly in acquaintance or experience
- propositions(Answer to the question of what metaphysical category propositions belong to)
- Entities belonging to a sui generis metaphysical category of their own kind, not reducible to other categories
- truth makers(Feigl's account of theoretical statements)
- relations between the factual referents of theoretical terms that render theoretical statements true