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Inverse View
It is not the case that Not all pleasure and pain in the world is produced by the actions of virtuous or vicious people.
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Reasons For
2 perspectives
Reason for 1 of 2
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1.
Plantinga's free will defense extends to natural evil by attributing it to the free choices of non-human rational agents such as Satan.
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2.
If demonic agency is metaphysically coherent, then apparent counterexamples like earthquakes or disease may still be products of vicious willing.
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3.
The claim therefore fails to establish a genuine category of evil beyond the reach of agent-based moral explanation.
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Reason for 2 of 2
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1.
Within Augustinian and Leibnizian theodicy, natural evil is traceable to the Fall, making all suffering a consequence of moral agency.
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2.
If original sin or primordial free choices corrupt natural order itself, then natural-law-produced suffering remains rooted in vicious human (or angelic) action.
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Reasons Against
1 perspective
Reason against
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Some pleasure and pain results from the operation of natural laws rather than from human agency.
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