Another important question is how international institutions should assign responsibility for crimes such as genocide, which are perpetrated by groups rather than by individuals acting alone. (Such questions arise in the domestic context as well, with respect to corporations, but the magnitude of crimes such as genocide makes the questions especially poignant at the international level.) The Nuremberg Tribunal articulated what has since become the governing view in international criminal law: ‘Crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishin...