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    P4's claim that nothing resembling pain or color exists i... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Ideas of pains, colors, and sounds must be innate rather than adventitious in origin

    P4's claim that nothing resembling pain or color exists in bodies does not entail innateness, since the mind could still construct qualitative content through reliable causal co-variation with physical states, as reliabilist accounts of perception maintain.

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    Key Terms

    Causal co-variation(as used in epistemology)
    When two things consistently happen together or influence each other in a regular, predictable pattern (like how touching a hot stove causes pain).
    Entail(In logical reasoning and argumentation)
    To logically follow or guarantee as a necessary consequence; if something is true, what does it force to also be true?
    Innateness(as used in philosophy of mind)
    The idea that certain knowledge, concepts, or abilities are built into your mind from birth rather than learned from experience.
    P4(Relational principle linking knowledge to its object.)
    Knowledge is what it is in relation to what it is knowledge of — the nature of knowledge is constituted by its object.
    Physical states

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    (as used in philosophy of mind)
    The actual conditions or configurations of matter and the brain, as opposed to mental experiences or thoughts.
    Qualitative content(as used in philosophy of mind)
    The subjective, felt experience of something—like what redness looks like or what pain feels like from the inside—rather than just the physical facts about it.
    Reliabilist accounts of perception(as used in epistemology)
    A theory of knowledge that says you can trust what your senses tell you if they're reliable—meaning they consistently give you accurate information about the world.

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    Consciousness & Mind1 linkedPerception1 linked

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    Ideas of pains, colors, and sounds must be innate rather than adventitious in or...

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