Parfit's distinction between object-given and state-given reasons shows that states which cause action generate only state-given reasons, which are by definition not reasons grounded in the objective value of outcomes.

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Object-given reasons(Contrasted with state-given reasons in Parfit's framework): Reasons to do something that come from facts about the world itself—like 'you should help that person because they're suffering,' where the suffering is the real-world fact that matters.
Parfit: Derek Parfit was a highly influential British philosopher known for revolutionizing how we think about personal identity, morality, and what makes life worth living. He argued that our sense of being a continuous, unified "self" is partly an illusion, and that what really matters is the continuation of our thoughts and experiences, not some invisible thread connecting us through time. His ideas have shaped modern ethics and how philosophers approach questions about identity, responsibility, and how we should treat future generations.
State-given reasons(Contrasted with object-given reasons in Parfit's framework): Reasons to do something that come from your own internal desires or emotional states—like 'you should eat because you're hungry,' where your hunger is just your current feeling, not necessarily connected to something objectively important.

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