- Aggregate welfare(what consequentialist ethics prioritizes (competing with agent-relative restrictions))
- The total well-being or happiness of everyone combined, added up together as one sum.
- Parfit
- Derek Parfit was a highly influential British philosopher known for revolutionizing how we think about personal identity, morality, and what makes life worth living. He argued that our sense of being a continuous, unified "self" is partly an illusion, and that what really matters is the continuation of our thoughts and experiences, not some invisible thread connecting us through time. His ideas have shaped modern ethics and how philosophers approach questions about identity, responsibility, and how we should treat future generations.
- consequentialism(Applied to terrorism and legal punishment)
- The view that practices are judged solely by their consequences, such that a practice is wrong only if it has bad consequences on balance.
- contractualism
- A moral theory presented as a genuine alternative to both consequentialism and Kantian ethics, one that coheres with distinctively non-utilitarian intuitions in certain key cases
- convergence(alternative to consensus-based public reason)
- A model of public justification that allows appeals to religious reasons, thereby not requiring exclusively secular justifications
- impersonal reformulation(describing Parfit's approach to ethics)
- A way of restating or reworking an idea so that it doesn't focus on individual people's relationships or agreements, but instead treats everyone's welfare equally and impartially.