Penrose and Hameroff's quantum-consciousness thesis remains empirically contested, meaning non-determinism cannot be reliably assigned explanatory primacy for human distinctiveness.

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Empirically contested(as a challenge to the elite claim): Meaning there's real-world evidence and disagreement about whether something is actually true—it's not settled by facts and observations.
Explanatory primacy(describing how prominently non-determinism is used as an explanation): Being treated as the main or most important explanation for why something happens, rather than a secondary or minor factor.
Human distinctiveness(as what the theory tries to explain): The special qualities or abilities that make humans different from animals and other things in nature—like consciousness, self-awareness, or free will.
Non-determinism(as used in computer science and philosophy of causation): A system where the same starting conditions can lead to multiple different outcomes, rather than always producing one fixed result.

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