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    Putnam's Twin Earth argument demonstrates that natural ki... — Carmelics
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    Supports→The descriptive view is refuted if there are metaphysically possible instances of kind C that do not possess the property complex D.

    Putnam's Twin Earth argument demonstrates that natural kind terms have their extensions fixed by the actual constitution of paradigm samples, not by speakers' descriptive knowledge.

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    Key Terms

    Descriptive knowledge(as contrasted with reference in Kripke's theory)
    Knowledge based on a description or list of characteristics—knowing something by what people say it's like rather than by direct connection.
    Fixed by(as how extensions are determined)
    Determined or decided by; in this context, it means that something decides what a word's meaning is.
    Paradigm samples(as what fixes the meaning of a natural kind)
    The original, best examples of something that we use as reference points to identify other things (like how we might point to a specific body of water and say 'that's what water is').
    Putnam
    # Putnam "Putnam" most commonly refers to **Hilary Putnam** (1926-2016), an influential American philosopher who made major contributions to philosophy of mind, language, and science. He is famous for thought experiments like the "brain in a vat" scenario, which explores questions about reality and how we know what's real. His work fundamentally changed how philosophers think about the relationship between our minds, language, and the external world.

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    Twin Earth argument(philosophy of language and mind)
    A famous thought experiment imagining an identical planet where the liquid called 'water' has a different chemical makeup, used to show that the meaning of words depends on what's actually in the world, not just what's in our heads.
    extension(Semantics and philosophy of language)
    Another term for reference, i.e., the object or set of objects a term picks out
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
    natural kind terms(Putnam (1975))
    Terms that refer to natural categories or substances, such as 'gold' and 'water', whose reference is fixed by causal relations to instances of those kinds rather than by descriptive content in the speaker's mind.

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    Modality & Possibility1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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