Putnam's Twin Earth argument demonstrates that natural kind terms have their extensions fixed by the actual constitution of paradigm samples, not by speakers' descriptive knowledge.
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Twin Earth argument(philosophy of language and mind)
A famous thought experiment imagining an identical planet where the liquid called 'water' has a different chemical makeup, used to show that the meaning of words depends on what's actually in the world, not just what's in our heads.
extension(Semantics and philosophy of language)
Another term for reference, i.e., the object or set of objects a term picks out
knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
natural kind terms(Putnam (1975))
Terms that refer to natural categories or substances, such as 'gold' and 'water', whose reference is fixed by causal relations to instances of those kinds rather than by descriptive content in the speaker's mind.