Weirich (1985) and Harper (1986) define ratification in terms of an option’s expected utility given its realization rather than given a decision to realize it. An option is self-ratifying if and only if it maximizes expected utility given its realization. This account of ratification accommodates cases in which an option and a decision to realize it have different expected utilities. Weirich and Harper also assume causal decision theory’s formula for expected utility. In the case of Death in Dam