Rousseau's own theodicy, which similarly locates evil in human institutions, was challenged by Voltaire after Lisbon precisely on the grounds that structural creation entails structural culpability.

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Rousseau: Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an 18th-century Swiss-French thinker who argued that people are naturally good but corrupted by society and civilization. He believed in the "general will" of the people and that legitimate governments should reflect what ordinary citizens want, making him hugely influential on democratic and revolutionary ideas. His writings on education, freedom, and social contracts shaped modern thinking about human rights and how societies should be organized.
Structural creation entails structural culpability(as the reasoning behind Voltaire's criticism): The idea that if you deliberately create a system (like a government or society), you are responsible for the harm that system causes.
The Lisbon earthquake(as the historical event that prompted Voltaire's challenge to Rousseau's ideas): A devastating 1755 earthquake in Portugal that killed tens of thousands of people and sparked major philosophical debates about why such suffering exists.
Voltaire(as the philosopher who criticized Rousseau)

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