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    Soundness requires not merely true premises but premises ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→An argument is sound when it is both valid and has true premises

    Soundness requires not merely true premises but premises known to be true, as Sextus Empiricus argued against dogmatic claims of propositional certainty.

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    Reasons For

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    • 1.An argument's rational persuasiveness depends on justification quality, not just truth—we cannot rationally accept conclusions from premises we merely guess are true.
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    • 2.The regress problem shows that without known premises, we lack stopping points for justification chains, leaving all conclusions ultimately arbitrary.
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    • 3.Dogmatic claims to certainty often mask unexamined assumptions; demanding known premises prevents smuggling undefended beliefs into logical systems.
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    Reasons Against

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    • 1.Knowledge itself requires justification—requiring known premises creates circularity: we cannot establish knowledge without already having it.
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    • 2.Most successful sciences operate with high-confidence but non-certain premises; Sextus's standard would paralyze empirical inquiry.
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    • 3.Distinguishing 'true but unknown' from 'known' premises requires epistemology beyond logic; soundness should remain a logical rather than epistemological concept.
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    Related

    An argument is sound when it is both valid and has true premisesAn argument's rational persuasiveness depends on justification quality, not just...Distinguishing 'true but unknown' from 'known' premises requires epistemology be...Dogmatic claims to certainty often mask unexamined assumptions; demanding known ...
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    Knowledge itself requires justification—requiring known premises creates circula...Most successful sciences operate with high-confidence but non-certain premises; ...The regress problem shows that without known premises, we lack stopping points f...

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