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    Carmelics

    A reasoning platform. Break down any belief into clear reasons, explore both sides, and weigh the evidence honestly.

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    LoyalLoyalJusticeJustice
    Made withinDC&Austin
    Home/Original/inverse
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    Inverse View

    It is not the case that The beliefs of the speaker are irrelevant to the day an utterance of 'today' is about.

    ?Set your confidence on the premises below to see your aggregate.

    Reasons For

    2 perspectives
    Reason for 1 of 2
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    • 1.Frege's puzzle about cognitive significance shows that coreferential terms can differ in meaning based on the epistemic states of speakers.
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    • 2.If 'today' and 'yesterday' can differ in cognitive value for a speaker who loses track of time, then the speaker's beliefs partly constitute which day 'today' presents.
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    • 3.A purely externalist account of 'today' cannot explain why a time-disoriented speaker's sincere assertion 'Today is Tuesday' expresses a different mental state than one who knows the date.
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    Reason for 2 of 2
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    • 1.Kaplan's own framework distinguishes character from content, but the determination of context presupposes that an agent is correctly situated within that context.
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    • 2.Bonjour and internalist epistemologists argue that semantic reference without any grounding in the speaker's epistemic access produces a kind of semantic blindness incompatible with genuine propositional attitudes.
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    • 3.A speaker systematically deceived about which day it is—as in cases discussed by Burge regarding deference and incomplete understanding—may fail to entertain the proposition their words literally express.
      ?

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    Reasons Against

    1 perspective
    Reason against
    ?
    • 1.Uses of 'today' are about whatever day they occur on, regardless of the descriptions the speaker associates with the expression.
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    • 2.Uses of 'today' are about whatever day they occur on, regardless of how the speaker conceives of the day of the utterance.
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    • 3.If sense were determined by the speaker's beliefs and sense determines reference, then a speaker who believes they live in 1204 would be referring to 1204 with 'today'.
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    Strongest counterpoint
    Explore the most compelling reason on the other side.
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    Perspectives
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    Topics
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