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    The family of second-order moral properties lacks a natur... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The a priori probability that a given property P has the second-order property of being a rightmaking property of weight W is equal to the a priori probability that P has the second-order property of being a wrongmaking property of weight W.

    The family of second-order moral properties lacks a natural, non-arbitrary individuation criterion, meaning any appeal to equiprobability inherits Bertrand-style paradoxes of geometric probability.

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    Key Terms

    Bertrand's paradox (or Bertrand-style paradox)(in probability theory and philosophy of mathematics)
    A famous puzzle discovered by mathematician Joseph Bertrand showing that in geometric probability, different reasonable methods of picking random shapes give different answers, revealing that 'random' isn't as obvious as it seems.
    Equiprobability(in probability and philosophy)
    When all options or possibilities are equally likely; everyone has the same chance.
    Geometric probability(in probability and mathematics)
    The study of probability involving shapes, distances, and spatial areas—like finding the odds that a random point lands in a certain region of space.
    Individuation criterion(used in metaphysics to explain how we distinguish between different properties or objects)
    A rule or standard that lets you identify what makes something uniquely itself and different from other things.

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    Non-arbitrary(describing whether there's a fair, logical way to measure contributions)
    A way of deciding something that's based on clear, objective reasons rather than just picking whatever you want without justification.
    Second-order moral properties(in ethics and metaethics)
    Qualities or characteristics of moral ideas themselves, rather than qualities of actions or people. For example, 'rightness' is a first-order property (a quality of an action), while 'the property of being about rightness' is second-order.

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    Problem of Evil1 linked

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    The a priori probability that a given property P has the second-order property o...

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