The judgment that differences are only 'downstream' of a shared stage presupposes a causal map of the process, reinstating dependence on the target-level causal knowledge CPT was meant to bypass.

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CPT(as a philosophical method or framework): An abbreviation for a method or theory (the full name isn't specified here, but in philosophy it often refers to a framework for comparing things). In this context, it's a system for looking at how similar things are to each other in stages.
Downstream(describing what comes after or depends on cognition): Coming later in a chain of events or depending on something else; not the starting point.
causal map(used to explain how the speaker is critiquing someone's assumption about causation): A diagram or mental model showing how one thing causes another—basically a roadmap of what causes what.
knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.): Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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