The persistence of tragic choice, documented from Sophocles through Bernard Williams, constitutes empirical evidence that pluralism at the choice level reflects irreducible foundational plurality, not mere complexity.

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Bernard Williams(as a defender of Humean philosophy): A late 20th-century British philosopher who wrote influential works on ethics, questioning whether morality can be truly objective and exploring the role of personal projects and desires in a good life.
Empirical evidence(as a source of justification for knowledge): Information or proof based on real-world observation and experience, rather than just theory or reasoning alone.
Irreducible foundational plurality(used to explain why some choices are tragic—because the conflict is fundamental, not just complicated): The notion that at the deepest level, there are several genuinely different and conflicting values or principles that can't be simplified down to one unified system.
Pluralism: The view that values are many and conflicting, and no single life can include all values or make the interpersonally correct choice among them

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