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    This asymmetry, recognized in Williamson's knowledge-firs... — Carmelics
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    Supports→(18) is not equivalent to (21)

    This asymmetry, recognized in Williamson's knowledge-first epistemology, entails (18) and (21) have distinct truth conditions across possible cases, making them non-equivalent by definition.

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    Key Terms

    Knowledge-first epistemology(as Williamson's main theory)
    A philosophical approach that treats knowledge as the most basic concept, rather than trying to build knowledge from simpler pieces like belief and justified true propositions.
    Non-equivalent(as used in logic and metaphysics)
    Different from each other in some important way; not the same or interchangeable.
    Possible cases(as the range across which normative patterns apply)
    Different hypothetical situations or scenarios—everything that could potentially happen or be true, not just what actually is the case.
    Truth conditions(used to describe how we determine whether a thought accurately represents reality)
    The specific circumstances or facts that would make a statement true or false—what has to be the case for a thought to be correct.

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    Williamson, Timothy(the philosopher whose view is being discussed)
    A contemporary British philosopher known for his work in logic, metaphysics, and epistemology; he argues that everything that can possibly exist actually exists in some form.
    asymmetry(Modal logic frame semantics)
    A frame property expressible in hybrid logic by the formula c→□¬◇c, meaning if world x accesses world y, then y does not access x.
    entails(describes a logical relationship between statements)
    Logically forces or guarantees; if A entails B, then whenever A is true, B must also be true.
    epistemology(Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
    A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    (18) is not equivalent to (21)

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