- Diverged(describing how evolutionary paths separate)
- Separated and went in different directions; in evolution, when two populations split apart and stop interbreeding.
- Essential(describes what separation and unity would need to be)
- Absolutely necessary or fundamental—something that must be present for something else to exist or work.
- Intrinsic duplicates(describing organisms that look and function identically)
- Two things that are completely identical in all their internal properties and features, like two copies of the exact same object.
- Kripke
- Kripke refers to Saul Kripke, an influential American philosopher and logician known for revolutionizing how we think about names, meaning, and possibility. He argued that names like "Albert Einstein" refer directly to the actual person rather than through descriptions of their properties, which changed philosophy fundamentally. His work also introduced "possible worlds" as a way to understand concepts like necessity and possibility, making him one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century.
- Lineages(evolutionary biology)
- Family lines of organisms descended from a common ancestor, stretching back through evolutionary history.
- modal argument(Kripke's critique of Fregean descriptivism in Naming and Necessity)
- An argument against Fregean descriptivism that uses considerations about necessity and possibility to show that names and their associated descriptions differ in modal behavior
- species(Bacon's multiplicatio specierum theory adapted to epistemology by Crathorn)
- A representative likeness of an external thing, transmitted causally through a medium; in Crathorn's usage, a material mental quality in the mind that has the same nature as the external thing it represents.