- Embodied artisans(the comparison Udayana argues against)
- Craftspeople or creators who have physical bodies, like a sculptor or carpenter—contrasted with a non-physical God.
- Nyāyakusumāñjali(the specific text being referenced)
- The title of Udayana's main philosophical work, which translates to something like 'a bouquet of logical flowers' and defends the existence of God using logical arguments.
- Ordered complexity(what Udayana points to as evidence)
- Things in nature that show intricate design and organization, like a watch or the structure of an eye.
- Udayana(as a historical figure in Indian philosophy)
- An Indian philosopher from the 10th century who developed arguments defending the idea that things can persist over time, arguing against Buddhist thinkers who said everything only exists for a single instant.
- agency(Used to assess whether switching the trolley is deontologically prohibited.)
- A morally relevant sense in which an agent is the direct cause of harm, invoked in deontological constraints; its absence removes a deontological bar to acting.
- inference to the best explanation(Used to characterize the structure of the argument for moral non-objectivism)
- A form of reasoning in which the hypothesis that best explains the observed phenomena is inferred to be true
- perceptual analogy(in philosophy of religion)
- Using something we can directly experience or see as a way to understand something we cannot directly experience, by saying 'God is like X, just in a non-physical way.'
- Īśvara(the subject whose existence Udayana is arguing for)
- The Sanskrit word for God or a supreme divine being in Hindu and Indian philosophy.