Universals exist extra animam and in act in individuals, ... — Carmelics

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Universals exist extra animam and in act in individuals, being really identical with but formally distinct from them, and can be signified by various linguistic expressions

Philosophy of Language Truth & Knowledge

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Reason for

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1.Universals exist extra animam and in act in individuals
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2.Universals are really (realiter) identical with individuals
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3.Universals are formally (formaliter vel secundum rationem) distinct from individuals
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Reasons Against

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1.The formal distinction between a universal and an individual requires two distinct ontological grounds, collapsing into real distinction (Ockham, Summa Logicae I.16).
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2.If universality and individuality are formally distinct in re, then one entity simultaneously instantiates contradictory modes of being without a principium individuationis.
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3.Ockham's razor demands that universal reference be explained by mental concepts and conventional signs alone, without positing extra-mental formal distinctions.
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