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    Wilfrid Sellars argued in 'Empiricism and the Philosophy ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Belief (H) qualifies as basic according to default and challenge (DB) foundationalism

    Wilfrid Sellars argued in 'Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind' that no epistemic work can be done by experiences absent their being brought under concepts.

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    Reasons For

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    Reason for
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    • 1.Raw sensations alone cannot justify beliefs without being categorized and integrated into a conceptual framework.
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    • 2.Concept-application is necessary to distinguish what counts as evidence for one proposition versus another.
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    • 3.Pre-conceptual experiences lack the structure needed to serve as reasons that can be articulated and rationally defended.
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    Reasons Against

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    Reason against
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    • 1.Infants and animals acquire knowledge through experience before developing sophisticated conceptual schemes.
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    • 2.The requirement that all epistemic work needs concepts seems to depend on conflating 'having justification' with 'articulating justification'.
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    • 3.Some perceptual discriminations occur pre-conceptually; explaining these requires granting non-conceptual content causal-epistemic roles.
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    Belief (H) qualifies as basic according to default and challenge (DB) foundation...Concept-application is necessary to distinguish what counts as evidence for one ...Infants and animals acquire knowledge through experience before developing sophi...Pre-conceptual experiences lack the structure needed to serve as reasons that ca...
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    Raw sensations alone cannot justify beliefs without being categorized and integr...Some perceptual discriminations occur pre-conceptually; explaining these require...The requirement that all epistemic work needs concepts seems to depend on confla...

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