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    Without universal instantiation of intrinsic essences, th... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The essences of natural kinds need be neither intrinsic nor possessed by all and only members of those kinds.

    Without universal instantiation of intrinsic essences, there is no principled basis for distinguishing natural kinds from interest-relative groupings, undermining the realist commitments motivating natural kind theory.

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    Key Terms

    Interest-relative groupings(in metaphysics and philosophy of language)
    Categories we create because they're useful for our purposes, not because the things in them share something fundamental—like 'things on my desk' or 'things that are heavy.'
    Intrinsic essences(in metaphysics)
    The core properties that make something what it fundamentally is, regardless of how we use it or think about it.
    Natural kind theory(in philosophy of science and metaphysics)
    A philosophical theory arguing that nature divides into real, objective categories with deep similarities, rather than categories we just happen to invent.
    Universal Instantiation(first-order and temporal logic)
    The logical scheme ∀xφ(x) → φ(τ), where τ is any term free for substitution for x in φ, allowing one to infer a specific instance from a universal generalization

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    natural kinds(Water is offered as a paradigm example of a natural kind individuated by microstructure)
    Categories of things in nature that share an essential microstructure, used to ground essentialism about species and substances
    principled basis(as used in ethics and reasoning)
    A solid foundation or reason for doing something that is based on clear, consistent rules or values rather than on whim or favoritism.
    realist commitments(as used in epistemology)
    The belief that real things exist independently in the world, and that truth is about matching what's actually real.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    The essences of natural kinds need be neither intrinsic nor possessed by all and...

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