Wittgenstein's 'On Certainty' argues that foundational hinge propositions are not justified epistemically at all, but function as the inherited background enabling epistemic practice.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who fundamentally changed how people think about language and meaning in the 20th century. He argued that many philosophical problems arise from misunderstanding how words actually work in everyday life, rather than from deep metaphysical mysteries. His ideas influenced not just philosophy but also mathematics, logic, and even how people approach psychology and artificial intelligence today.
justified(Epistemological discussion of Socratic wisdom in The Apology)
Having beliefs formed with adequate evidence or through reliable belief-forming processes, distinct from the ability to demonstrate one's justification to an interrogator.