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    African and African-descended scholars have deliberately ... — Carmelics
    Home/Skepticism
    HistoryEditSee Inverse

    African and African-descended scholars have deliberately produced and mediated new knowledge of African and African-descended peoples outside mainstream academic organizations.

    SkepticismTruth & Knowledge
    ?Rate how convincing each reason is below to see the overall strength.
    1 reason for
    2 reasons against

    Reasons For

    1 perspective
    Reason for
    ?
    • 1.Scholars such as Maulana Karenga and Jacob H. Carruthers have contributed research reclaiming Egyptian thought-traditions as African traditions of thought.
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    • 2.These scholars worked independently of mainstream organizations of academic professionals in Philosophy and other disciplines.
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    Reasons Against

    2 perspectives
    Reason against 1 of 2
    ?
    • 1.The category 'mainstream academic organizations' is empirically unstable: historically Black colleges, ASALH, and NCA predate many 'mainstream' bodies.
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    • 2.If African-descended scholars founded parallel institutions that became legitimate epistemic communities, the inside/outside distinction dissolves rather than confirms marginalization.
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    Reason against 2 of 2
    ?
    • 1.Karenga and Carruthers operated within tenure systems, published through academic presses, and trained PhD students, placing them inside institutional academic structures.
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    • 2.Sandra Harding's standpoint epistemology requires that marginalized knowledge production be structurally excluded, not merely contested, to count as genuinely 'outside' mainstream validation.
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    Topics

    SkepticismTruth & Knowledge

    Key Terms

    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

    Notable Defenders

    JesusancientCited as inspiration for King's agape love
    A. Philip Randolphcontemporary
    Addison Gayle, Jr.contemporaryGayle, Jr. 1972, "The Black Aesthetic"
    Alphonse J. SmetcontemporaryNkombe and Smet 1978
    Bayard Rustincontemporary
    Cheikh Anta DiopcontemporaryThe African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality (early 1970s); Ph.D. dissertation, University of Paris
    Cornel WestcontemporaryRace Matters (1994); Prophesy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity (1982)
    Daryll FordecontemporaryForde 1954
    Diane Nashcontemporary
    Emmanuel Chukwudi EzecontemporaryEze 1997
    Florence "Flo" Kennedycontemporary"A Comparative Study: Accentuating the Similarities of the Societal Position of Women and Negroes" (1946; 1995)
    Frantz Fanoncontemporaryanti-colonial engagements and writings cited as inspiration for SNCC Young Turks
    Franz CrahaycontemporaryCrahay 1965
    H. Odera OrukacontemporaryOruka 1990b
    H. Odera OrukacontemporaryOruka 1990a
    Harold Crusecontemporarydescribed as a wise and experienced elder of Left and Nationalist organizations who pointed out the McCarthy-era disruption
    Henry Odera Orukacontemporaryreferenced for nationalist-ideological current and sage philosophy
    Hoyt FullercontemporaryFuller 1994, "Towards a Black Aesthetic"
    James M. WashingtoncontemporaryWashington, J.M. 1986
    James Morris Lawson, Jr.contemporary
    Kwasi WireducontemporaryWiredu 1987
    Malcolm Xcontemporaryspeeches, writings, and organizational activities cited as inspiration for SNCC Young Turks
    Martin BernalcontemporaryBlack Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization
    Martin Luther King, Jr.contemporary'Love, Law, and Civil Disobedience,' 1961; 'The Ethical Demands for Integration,' 1963
    Martin Luther King, Jr.contemporary
    Martin Luther King, Jr.contemporary"Nonviolence and Racial Justice," 1957; "The Power of Nonviolence," 1958; "Love, Law, and Civil Disobedience," 1961; "A Gift of Love," 1966
    Meyer FortescontemporaryFortes 1965
    Michel Foucaultcontemporary
    Mohandas Gandhicontemporary
    Mohandas GandhicontemporaryCited as inspiration for King's nonviolence
    Nathan Irvin HugginscontemporaryHuggins 2007
    O. NkombecontemporaryNkombe and Smet 1978
    Tony MartincontemporaryMartin 1986
    Abraham LincolnmodernIssued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freeing slaves in Confederate states
    Alain Leroy LockemodernLocke 1925
    Alain Lockemodern'The New Negro' (lead essay in The New Negro anthology)
    Alain Lockemodern'The New Negro'
    Alexander CrummellmodernFounder/leader of the American Negro Academy
    Alexander Crummellmodern'The Relations and Duties of Free Colored Men in America to Africa,' 1860; 'The Race Problem in America,' 1888
    Alexander Crummellmodern
    Alice Dunbar-Nelsonmodern"The Negro Woman and the Ballot" (1927; 1995)
    Anna Julia Coopermodern
    Anton Wilhelm Amomodernc. 1703–1758, native of Ghana, educated in the Netherlands and Germany
    Booker T. Washingtonmodern
    Booker T. WashingtonmodernWashington 1895; 1992, p. 358
    Booker T. Washingtonmodern
    Booker T. Washingtonmodernreferenced as the target of Du Bois's critique in 'Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others,' 1903
    Booker T. WashingtonmodernWashington 1895; 1992, p. 359
    Booker T. Washingtonmoderndescribed as social separatist and economic/political conservative committed to Black economic independence
    Booker T. WashingtonmodernWashington 1901; 1963, Up From Slavery
    David HumemodernHume 1742, 'Of National Characters'
    David WalkermodernAppeal in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America (1829)
    Edward BlydenmodernSpent a large portion of his life engaged in educational and missionary work in Liberia
    Edward W. Blydenmodern
    Elise Johnson McDougaldmodern"The Struggle of Negro Women for Sex and Race Emancipation" (1924–25; 1995)
    Frederick Douglassmoderncited as a well-known African American cultural and political assimilationist
    Frederick DouglassmodernPlayed a major role in persuading President Lincoln to allow Negro men to join the Union army
    Friedrich Nietzschemodern
    G.W.F. HegelmodernThe Philosophy of History
    George G.M. JamesmodernStolen Legacy (James 1954)
    Henry Highland Garnetmodern"The Past and the Present Condition and the Destiny of the Colored Race," 1848; 1996, p. 200
    Henry Highland GarnetmodernFounder of the African Civilization Society
    Ida B. Wellsmodern
    Immanuel KantmodernKant 1764; Kant 1798
    James T. HollymodernA Vindication of the Capacity of the Negro Race for Self-Government and Civilized Progress, 1857
    James T. Hollymodern
    Jane Addamsmodern
    Mahatma GandhimodernLeader of non-violent resistance against British colonial rule in India
    Marcus Garveymodern'Race Assimilation,' 1922; 'The True Solution of the Negro Problem,' 1922; 'An Appeal to the Conscience of the Black Race to See Itself,' 1923; Garvey 1925
    Mary Church Terrellmodern
    Olaudah EquianomodernThe Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself (1789)
    Phillis WheatleymodernWheatley [1773] 1997
    Phillis Wheatleymodern
    Placide TempelsmodernAuthor of Bantu Philosophy, regarded by some African intellectuals as an ally against dehumanizing colonial rationalizations
    Placide TempelsmodernBelgian priest and missionary in the Belgian Congo; author of Bantu Philosophy
    Placide TempelsmodernBantu Philosophy
    René Descartesmodern
    Sadie Tanner Mosell Alexandermodern"Negro Women in Our Economic Life" (1930; 1995)
    T. Thomas Fortunemodern"Political Independence of the Negro," 1884
    W.E.B. Du Boismodern"The Conservation of Races," Occasional Paper No. 2, American Negro Academy, 1897
    W.E.B. Du BoismodernThe Souls of Black Folk (1903); Pan-African Conferences 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1945
    W.E.B. Du BoismodernDu Bois 1903; 1992
    W.E.B. Du Boismodern'The Conservation of Races' (1897; 1992); 'Whither Now and Why' (1960; 1973)
    W.E.B. Du Boismodern
    Walda HeyatmodernSumner 1976–78
    William Edward Burghardt Du Boismodern1868–1963; challenged Washington publicly on several fronts
    William JamesmodernTaught Du Bois philosophy at Harvard
    Zera YacobmodernSumner 1976–78

    Related

    If African-descended scholars founded parallel institutions that became legitima...Karenga and Carruthers operated within tenure systems, published through academi...Sandra Harding's standpoint epistemology requires that marginalized knowledge pr...Scholars such as Maulana Karenga and Jacob H. Carruthers have contributed resear...
    +2 moreShow less
    The category 'mainstream academic organizations' is empirically unstable: histor...These scholars worked independently of mainstream organizations of academic prof...

    Source

    AI-extracted1/3 agreementValid
    SEP: africana
    View source passageHide passage
    A provocative and controversial argument, indeed. Still, widespread disciplinary ignorance regarding the histories of ancient peoples and civilizations other than those stipulated as being ancestors of European White peoples is a direct and continuing consequence of racism in the formation, organization, and practices of communities of discourse and scholarship and the development of racially segregated idea-spaces, intellectual traditions and networks, and scholarly organizations throughout Eur
    Extraction notes

    Validity: Extracted via Max plan + API grounding/validity checks

    Details

    Similar

    These scholars worked independently of mainstream organizations of aca...78%Few academic philosophers who are neither African nor of African desce...76%Contemporary scholars use these traditions to put Africana and mainstr...73%Scholars such as Maulana Karenga and Jacob H. Carruthers have contribu...72%
    Type
    claim
    Perspectives
    3 (1 for, 2 against)
    Edits
    1 edit