- Contradiction in conception(as one of Kant's tests for determining morality)
- A test Kant proposed to check if an action is moral: if you tried to make your action a universal law that everyone followed, would it logically fall apart or become impossible?
- Contradiction in will(as Kant's second moral test)
- Kant's second test for morality: even if an action doesn't logically contradict itself, would you actually want to live in a world where everyone did it?
- Formula of Universal Law(Kant 1997, 4:421)
- The Kantian principle that one should act only in accordance with that maxim through which one can at the same time will that it become a universal law
- Hume(as the main philosopher discussed in this statement)
- David Hume was an 18th-century Scottish philosopher who argued that human knowledge comes from experience and observation rather than pure reasoning alone.
- Kant(as used in epistemology and metaphysics)
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was an influential German philosopher who argued that our minds shape how we experience reality, and that we can only truly know things as they appear to us, not as they are in themselves.
- Reasonable or unreasonable (in Hume's sense)(as the distinction Hume made that Kant challenges)
- Hume argued that emotions and desires can't be called 'rational' or 'irrational' because they simply exist—they're not the kind of thing you evaluate with logic.
- Refute(as what particularists must do to challenge the unity of virtue thesis)
- To prove that something is wrong or false by giving strong arguments against it.
- passions(Distinguishes passions as states of maximal engagement of the soul's lower cognitive and appetitive faculties)
- States in which almost the entire lower power of cognition and desire is engaged
- volitions(Cited as a subclass of future events known by an omniscient God)
- Mental events constituting acts of will