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    Replacing the actual agent with a counterfactually compet... — Carmelics
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    Supports→Williams' internalist thesis involving sound deliberation from full information is inadequate because it fails to accommodate reasons that agents have precisely because they are incapable of deliberating soundly.

    Replacing the actual agent with a counterfactually competent deliberator commits what Parfit called the 'different person' substitution error, undermining internalism's agent-relativity.

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    Key Terms

    Counterfactually competent deliberator(as used in action theory and decision-making)
    A hypothetical, idealized version of a person who reasons perfectly without the flaws and limitations the real person has—basically, an imaginary super-rational version of someone.
    Internalism(Moral psychology; used to characterize the relationship between moral judgment and motivation)
    The view that it is a logical or conceptual truth that some degree of motivation is internal to a moral judgment itself — that making a genuine moral claim entails being motivated to some degree.
    Parfit
    Derek Parfit was a highly influential British philosopher known for revolutionizing how we think about personal identity, morality, and what makes life worth living. He argued that our sense of being a continuous, unified "self" is partly an illusion, and that what really matters is the continuation of our thoughts and experiences, not some invisible thread connecting us through time. His ideas have shaped modern ethics and how philosophers approach questions about identity, responsibility, and how we should treat future generations.
    Substitution error

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    (as a type of reasoning mistake)
    A logical mistake where you replace one thing with a different thing and pretend they're the same, leading to wrong conclusions.
    agent-relativity(Nagel's current definition, contrasted with a misreading invited by the 'view from nowhere' metaphor)
    Defined by Nagel in terms of the general form of the reason, not in terms of whether the reason can be appreciated from an objective perspective.

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    Free Will & Foreknowledge1 linkedMoral Responsibility1 linked

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    Williams' internalist thesis involving sound deliberation from full information ...

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