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    William of Ockham's distinction between composite and div... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The future is necessary ex suppositione (conditionally necessary), though not absolutely necessary

    William of Ockham's distinction between composite and divided sense shows that 'it is possible that P not occur' and 'given foreknowledge, P will occur' operate at different modal levels.

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    Key Terms

    Foreknowledge(Boethius's distinction between knowing and foreknowing)
    Knowledge of future events prior to their occurrence, distinguished from mere knowledge in that it implies temporal priority and thus raises the question of whether the future is already fixed
    Modal levels(as the different logical categories being distinguished)
    Different categories of how certain or possible something is—like the difference between 'something could happen' versus 'something will definitely happen.'
    P (in logic)(as used in the logical statements)
    A placeholder letter used to represent any statement or event—think of it like a blank you fill in with whatever you're talking about.
    William of Ockham(history of philosophy)
    A 14th-century English philosopher known for arguing that explanations should be kept simple and that we shouldn't assume more things exist than necessary.

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    composite sense(Scholastic logic; used to analyze necessity and contingency in propositions about foreknowledge)
    A reading of a proposition in which the modality applies to the proposition as a whole (e.g., 'It is necessary that: if God foreknows X, then X occurs')
    divided sense(Scholastic logic; contrasted with composite sense)
    A reading of a proposition in which the modality applies separately to each part (e.g., 'If God foreknows X, then X necessarily occurs'), allowing for a different modal evaluation
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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    Free Will & Foreknowledge1 linkedModality & Possibility1 linked

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    The future is necessary ex suppositione (conditionally necessary), though not ab...

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