1588 – 1679
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was an English philosopher whose materialist metaphysics and rigorous political theory made him one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. Best known for Leviathan (1651), he argued that without a sovereign authority, human life degenerates into a 'war of all against all.' His work laid foundational groundwork for social contract theory, mechanistic philosophy of mind, and the secular analysis of political legitimacy.
Formulated the social contract as the basis of political authority in Leviathan (1651)
Developed a thoroughgoing materialist account of mind, motion, and causation
Articulated the 'state of nature' as a methodological device for grounding political obligation
Advanced one of the earliest systematic arguments for absolute sovereignty as the precondition of civil peace
Contributed to early game-theoretic intuitions about rational cooperation and defection under anarchy
Only the objective fact of actually being the true church can justify a church's right to persecute
claimAn interpretive theory that appeals to the abstract intentions of constitutional authors over their concrete historical understandings may not qualify as genuine originalism and may instead collapse into living constitutionalism.
Demonstrative reasoning cannot bridge the gap between past observations and conclusions about future regularities in nature
claimBackward induction is self-undermining as a solution concept in certain extensive-form games
claimWe can rationally believe both ourselves and God to be mental in nature from a practical point of view.