- Accidentally necessary(describing a type of necessity that Middle Knowledge addresses)
- Something that had to happen, but only because of circumstances—not because it's logically impossible for it to be otherwise.
- Modal constraint(in logic and philosophy)
- A restriction or rule about what is possible, impossible, necessary, or contingent (might or might not happen); it shapes what kinds of statements are logically valid.
- Paul Helm(The statement is about his specific philosophical defense)
- A contemporary Christian philosopher who has written extensively about how God's knowledge relates to human free will and time.
- Temporal vantage point(How the knowledge appears necessary when viewed from within time)
- A specific moment or position in time from which you observe or understand things.
- The timelessness solution(The philosophical approach Helm is defending and the statement claims it has a flaw)
- A proposed answer to the free will problem that says God exists outside time, so God's knowledge doesn't force events to happen.
- Timeless foreknowledge(The main concept being discussed)
- The idea that God knows everything that will happen in the future, but does so from outside of time rather than by predicting future events like we might.
- Timeless knowledge(as an alternative to temporal foreknowledge)
- The idea that God exists outside of time and knows all events (past, present, and future) simultaneously, rather than knowing the future by predicting what will happen.
- knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
- Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.